Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia, also known as Saint Sophia Museum, is a historical landmark located in Istanbul, Turkey. Originally constructed as a basilica during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I between the years 532 and 537, it occupied a central position in the old city center of Istanbul. Later, in 1453, after the conquest of Istanbul by the Ottoman Empire, it was converted into a mosque by Fatih Sultan Mehmet.

Since 1935, Hagia Sophia has served as a museum. Its architectural significance lies in its unique combination of the basilica plan and the central plan, making it a pivotal moment in the history of architecture. The most striking feature of Hagia Sophia is its massive dome, which has become an iconic symbol of Byzantine architecture.

The name “Hagia Sophia” is derived from the Greek words: “hagia” meaning “holy” or “saint,” and “sophia” meaning “wisdom.” Thus, the full name translates to “sacred wisdom” or “divine wisdom.” In the Orthodox sect, it is considered one of the three attributes of God.

Historical Background:

• Before the construction of Hagia Sophia, two different churches stood on the same site. The first, built in 360 AD by Konstantius, was known as the Megale Eklesia or “the Great Church.”
• The second church, built by Emperor Theodosius after the first one was destroyed, survived until 532.
• During the reign of Emperor Justinian, a major rebellion led to widespread damage in the city. Justinian saw this as an opportunity to rebuild and aimed to establish a New Jerusalem. Jerusalem held immense religious significance, and Justinian wanted to create a similar sacred space in Constantinople.
• Thus, the construction of the third Hagia Sophia began in 532. It marked a turning point in architectural history, combining elements of both basilica and central plans.

Hagia Sophia stands as a testament to 15 centuries of history, art, and architectural mastery, making it one of the world’s most remarkable landmarks.